Guidance comes from Robert Hoberman (individual correspondence). So it appears to be broadly associate of one’s Jewish languages out-of a number of other urban centers of the part as well, plus Aqra and you may Rawanduz.
However, within this dialect there can be an incredibly uncommon alter of h in order to h regarding third individual singular possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The language of your Jews off Iranian Azerbaijan, also groups from inside the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you can Yuksekova. Data is regarding Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of your Jews out-of Halabja toward Iran-Iraq border. This is very close to the Jewish languages of one’s almost every other places of your own region, together with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you can Panjwin. Guidance originates from my cards.
We’ll examine this type of languages pertaining to twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you may lexical conditions. After the Hetzron (1976, 98), i’ve chose simply designs as conditions to possess category. You will find picked a good disproportionate level of morphological criteria, and then we shall let them have unique pounds, once again pursuing the Hetzron, however, other shared innovations would be thought to be really.
Notice in addition to the harder preservation and even insertion out-of from inside the Koy Sanjaq said by the Hoberman (1985)
While we compare the newest languages out of NENA we are going to attempt to dictate new the amount to which the latest dialects share a distinct development and that differs from Turoyo and Mandaic. Meanwhile, we will look for bundles out-of isoglosses inside NENA.
(1) Fret are penultimate throughout brand new NA dialects, as well as Turoyo and you may Mandaic not throughout the three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you will Halabja, which often fret the last syllable. These languages search, similar to this, as with many more (Garbell 1965), to show an abnormally strong dictate from Kurdish.
(2) All the NENA dialects has matched h and you can x. In the Hertevin the result is h, and you will every where otherwise it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you will dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]an effective ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and you may Mandaic maintain independent h and you can x. Specific NENA dialects have reintroduced h as a borrowing from the bank out-of Kurdish or Arabic or of Traditional Syriac or Hebrew.(5) not, brand new inherited code constantly shows x. Such as for instance, when you look at the Tisqopa discover borrowed Arabic terms, such sahabi ‘friend’, having h, however, passed down terms and conditions instance laxma ‘bread’ continuously reveal x. (6)
(3) The NENA languages but https://www.datingranking.net/cs/seniorpeoplemeet-recenze/ Hertevin and you may Zakho have forfeit extremely circumstances away from passed on. Eg, for the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ corresponding to Syriac arb an effective and you can afra. From inside the Hertevin plus Zakho, passed on was daily ?: Hertevin therefore?a beneficial ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you will Alon 1979, 189). In lots of other languages most are managed due to the fact ?, and, about other individuals, is fully gone entirely. Some languages provides reintroduced borrowed from Arabic or Kurdish. Including, Halabja have ayza ‘good’.
(4) When you look at the earlier languages from Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] once an effective vowel. So it alternation has been lexicalized for the NENA, which have both t otherwise [Theta] spread owing to whole paradigms, whether or not preceded of the a beneficial vowel or perhaps not. Eg, in Aradhin new verb ‘come’ is now offering [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, plus [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Then, in some languages new phoneme [Theta] enjoys undergone extra changes. In some dialects [Theta] provides combined back to t, and also in others it is s if not l.(7) In a single dialect, Jilu, it is h immediately after which been deleted but in the beginning of a phrase. The three easternmost Jewish dialects express new alarming shift out-of [Theta] to 1. The results ones change is seen on the phrase ‘house’ hence seems in different dialects given that be:[Theta beneficial]an excellent (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and besa (Sanandaj Religious).